causes

Epidemiology

Much less common than hip OA

- usually presents late

Aetiology

Similar causes as hip (AS IT GRIPS 3C)

Alcohol / Steroid / Trauma / Idiopathic

Gauchers

RA / RTx

Sickle Cell 

Definition

Deformity characterised by 

- dorsiflexion of calcaneus 

- plantarflexion of forefoot / plantaris / forefoot equinus

Both sides of foot have elevated arch

Aetiology

Weakness of triceps surae 

- polio - most common worldwide

- spina bifida

Normal development

1 year:  Bow legs / 15° varus

2 year:  Neutral 

3 year:  Knock knees / 10° valgus

6 year:  Physiological valgus / 6° valgus

Definition

Joint inflammation secondary pyogenic organism

Epidemiology

All age groups

Usually children

- 50% < age 3

M= F

Any joint

- Infants = Hip

- Children = Knee

- Adults = Large Joints

IVDU - SCJ & SIJ

Pathogenesis

Two Routes

Definition

Heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by

- hyperuricaemia

- recurrent attacks of acute arthritis

Diagnosis confirmed by

- crystals of Monosodium Urate in synovial fluid

- tophi ("Porous stone") urate in soft tissues

- renal urate stones

Epidemiology

Adult men

Definition

Pseudogout 

- Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) crystals

- inflammatory arthritis of older individuals 

Definition

Pain at attachment of thickened central part of plantar aponeurosis to Medial Calcaneal Tuberosity

Anatomy Plantar Fascia

Origin 

- medial calcaneal tuberosity

Inserts 

- 5 bands superfical & deep layers

Superficial

- insert transverse MT ligament & skin

Deep 

- flexor sheath, volar plate & periosteum of P1

Definition

Acquired Adult Flatfoot Deformity (AAFD)

- collapse of medial longitudinal arch

- secondary to ligament / tendon / joint or bony pathology

Classification

1. Congenital

Flexible / Physiological

Ligamentous Laxity (DIAL HOME)

Rigid 

- Congenital Vertical Talus 

- Tarsal Coalition

Definition

Pure Cavus Deformity characterised by 

- dorsiflexion of Calcaneus 

- plantarflexion of Forefoot

Aetiology

Weakness of Tendoachilles

Usually neuromuscular

- Polio (Most common worldwide) 

- Spina bifida

- CP (can be due to overcorrection of T Ach)

- Spinocerebellar Degen (Friedreich's Ataxia)

Anatomy

Lateral compartment of leg

- run through retromalleolar groove

- pass superior and inferior to peroneal tubercle

- covered by inferior peroneal retinaculum

Peroneus longus

- origin lateral condyle of tibia and head fibula

- tendon PL superficial and inferior to brevis in retromalleolar groove

- runs in cuboid groove 

- insert plantar surface base of 1st MT and lateral aspect medial cuneiform