Hamartomatous proliferation of vascular tissue
Commonest tumours in infancy & childhood
- usually superficial
Capillary
- majority
- small nodules of capillary sized vessels lined by flattened endothelium
- nodules clumped in lobular pattern
Cavernous
Benign lesion with a wide spectrum of behavior characterized by stromal cells and giant cells
Common
- 20% of benign tumours
More common females
- F:M = 1.5:1
- most tumours M>F
Usually patient in 20's
- usually after skeletal maturity
- 3% < epiphyseal closure
Rare cartilage tumour
1% of bone tumours / rare
- typically in adolescents
Usually benign
- but aggressive / frankly malignant behaviour reported
- locally aggressive
- can have pulmonary metastasis
Rare low-grade malignant tumour
- cell of origin unknown
Usually second or third decade of life
90% diaphysis of tibia
Mandible
Most common anterior cortex of tibia
Expansile pseudotumor of reactive hemorrhagic tissue arising in bone
- characterised by blood filled spaces separated by fibrous tissue
Primary 50%
- arise de novo
Secondary 50%
- in association with other tumours
- probably secondary to haemorrhage into 1° tumour
- GCT / chondroblastoma / osteoblastoma / osteosarcoma
Stage the infection, the host & the management
1. Stage host / maximise healing potential
2. Stage infection / MCS / sensitivities
3. Debride all infected bone and ST
4. Stabilise skeleton
5. Eliminate dead space
6. Soft tissue coverage
Definition
Infection of bone 2° blood-borne bacteria
Most common children
- peak 10 years
True haematogenous OM rare in adults
- usually involves spine
M: F 2:1
Most common femur & tibia
Fracture talus through articular cartilage into subchondral bone
- 2° force transmitted from distal tibia
Osteochondritis dissecans v osteochondral fracture
6% ankle sprains
Average age = 25
M > F
Chronic instability due to rupture of one or more parts of the lateral ligament
Progressive injury
1. Anterolateral capsule
2. ATFL
3. CFL
Can lead to ankle OA over time
Partial or complete rupture of one or parts of lateral ligaments of ankle
- common ankle sprain
Lateral ligaments sprains are the most common ligamentous injuries of the human body
- account for approximately 15% of all athletic injuries
- it is estimated that there is one ankle inversion injury per day per 10,000 people
Most common young males
- average age 27