symptoms

Definition

Progressive and  chronic disorder associated with cord cavitation & gliosis

Effects

Muscle wasting

Dissociate anaesthesia

Scoliosis

Neuropathic arthropathy

Epidemiology

M > F

No familial tendency

Aetiology

1. Idiopathic

Principles

Treatment algorithm similar to OS

Overall prognosis similar to OS

- 70% long term survival

Definition

A malignant neoplasm composed of small round cells of uncertain histogenesis

Genetics

Recent data suggests it is of neuroepithelial derivation

- ? neuroectodermal cells

Definition

Systemic Connective Tissue Disease

Chronic inflammatory disease resulting from abnormal immunoregulation

Aetiology

Unknown

Thought similar to RA

1.  Genetic factors

2.  Environmental factors

Epidemiology

Young females

F:M 9:1

Peak 35 years old

Definition

Infection of bone 2° blood-borne bacteria

Epidemiology

Most common children

- peak 10 years

True haematogenous OM rare in adults

- usually involves spine

M: F 2:1

Site

Most common femur & tibia

Definition

Degenerative arthropathy due to Alkaptonuria

Metabolics

Rare hereditary disorder of tyrosine and phenylalanine breakdown

Homogentisic acid enzyme deficiency

- accumulate Homogentisic Acid

- product of tyrosine breakdown

Homogentisic acid deposited in cartilage & other soft tissues

- polymerises 

Types

Dystrophic or Metastatic

1.  Metastatic 

- hypercalcaemia / hyperphosphatemia

2.  Dystrophic 

- more common

- onto damaged connective tissue

- tendon / ligament / cartilage

- calcific tendonitis shoulder

- Pellegrini-Steida lesion MCL

Pathology

Deposited around chondrocytes & into avascular portion of CT

Definition

Heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by

- hyperuricaemia

- recurrent attacks of acute arthritis

Diagnosis confirmed by

- crystals of Monosodium Urate in synovial fluid

- tophi ("Porous stone") urate in soft tissues

- renal urate stones

Epidemiology

Adult men

Definition

Pseudogout 

- Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) crystals

- inflammatory arthritis of older individuals 

Definition

Compression of some or all of the nerve roots in the cauda equina

- bladder dysfunction

- bowel dysfunction

- saddle anaesthesia

- variable motor and sensory loss

Aetiology

HNP

- most common

Epidural haematoma

- post surgical

- spinals and anticoagulation

Definition

Clinical diagnosis

- based on a sclerotomal distribution of motor &/or sensory symptoms or signs

Caused by impingement of exiting nerve roots

- HNP

- zygo-apophyseal / facet joint hypertrophy

- neuro-central joint hypertrophy

May be acute or chronic

Epidemiology

M>F

Peak age 50-54

C7 > C6